Is this the dark side of ultra-low interest rates?

Insightful, counterintuitive cure, or good-money-after-bad, asset-bubble creating folly?

That seems to be the decision when it comes to the low interest rate, money supply expanding, liquidity promoting actions of many central banks.

Paul Krugman, amongst others, is seriously considered about the US (and the developed world together) entering into a Japan-style (or worse) liquidity trap where deflation takes hold and grinds what is left of the global economy to a halt and takes the last 4 jobs around with it. Private credit extension is sharply down, and consumption isn’t keeping pace with economic potential. Central banks need to plug this gap to return the economy to full employment. The rewards of economic growth will repay the costs incurred. Or so the argument goes.

The other side says that the hair of the dog won’t work. Low interest rates and easy money gave rise to a property (and other) asset bubble. The low interest rates were a policy response to earlier economic troubles and look where it got us. We need to take the pain now, impose austerity measures so that the economy can reset and return to health.

Both arguments need to be taken seriously. I generally favour the former, since the latter, while emotionally compelling, doesn’t seem to have as much theory and models to back it. It is interest that most of the supports of the “touch love” approach were the same ones who refused to admit the possibility of a property bubble and credit crisis just a few years back, which hurts their credibility.

But take a look at this article on the valuations of tech companies startups. It suggests that money is so cheap, and yield is so hard to find, that investors will throw their money at anything. Worryingly like a bubble.

Junk bonds in place of an IPO

The 30 second intro to Junk Bonds

Junk Bonds, also known as High Yield Bonds, are debt instruments issued by companies with poor credit ratings, or are the debt instruments of companies that were issued as high quality bonds from strong companies that have since fallen on hard times (“Fallen Angels”).

Typically these are any bonds that are not classified as Investment Grade (BBB rated or better).

Junk Bonds behave very differently from Investment Grade bonds. Their value depends only marginally on market interest rates and far more on the underlying economic strength and operational performance of the issuing company.

Junk Bond return characteristics

They don’t often the unlimited upside of ordinary equity, but with the high starting yield (10% to 25% depending on the circumstances) it can provide a very healthy return if the company doesn’t default. There is also a chance for rerating where if the strength of the company improves dramatically, the bond may be repriced to a lower market yield, resulting in a significant capital gain.

Founders keeping control

So company founders can issue junk bonds rather than diluting themselves by issuing equity and still provide attractive returns to investors and an opportunity for savvy investors (and those who just think they are savvy) to “pick” their company with the prospect of fantastic returns if it performs really well. Continue reading

Unemployment, mystified

Shocking unemployment statistics (but what do they mean?)

Someone threw a shocking figure at me today. They said that the unemployed under age 35 in South Africa comprise 75% of the unemployed population. I believe the figure comes from Adcorp.

Like many statistics that are bandied around for shock value, this one is more fluff than substance. Here’s why.

The real view of the numbers

Here’s the data from the 2007 community service.

2007 Community Survey Results
Age Population Unemployed Unemployment rate % of population % of unemployed
15-35 18,323,677 4,310,474 24% 59% 71%
36-65 12,712,484 1,737,827 14% 41% 29%
total 31,036,161 6,048,301 19% 100% 100%
2007 Community Survey Results
Age Population Unemployed Unemployment rate % of population % of unemployed
15-35 18,323,677 4,310,474 24% 59% 71%
36-65 12,712,484 1,737,827 14% 41% 29%
total 31,036,161 6,048,301 19% 100% 100%
The first thing to note is that overall, the unemployment rate is exceptionally high – this post doesn’t refute that. High, structural unemployment is possibly the most serious problem our economy faces. Continue reading

Repo down by 50bps

Looks like my money is safe – Reserve Bank cut rates as predicted. Thinking about trying to predict for each MPC meeting then tracking my performance over time so I can be held accountable. Will mull over this first I am not that sure I’ll be sufficiently confident to stick my neck out in future!

Back to school with you

Brian Richardson, CEO of mobile banking company Wizzit doesn’t understand the monetary policy, or so it seems.

He claims there is approximately R12bn of money outside of the formal banking system, or “under mattresses” as I believe he put it. This may be true.

Then, and this is where I have a problem, states that “It would have a massive impact if that money came into the market” with the implication that this would be a good thing. This reflects a broken understanding of monetary policy.

Putting this un-banked money into banks would allow it to be re-loaned, applying the multiplier effect and effectively expanding the money supply. Whether expansion of the money supply by R120bn (assuming effective multiplier is around 10) is a good thing or not is a question of fact, yet to be resolved.

Of course, if this were a good thing, the Reserve Bank could achieve the same thing through a combination of open market purchases of bonds (released cash into the money supply), weakening reserve requirements (allow the same money to be relent more times) or printing bank notes and dropping them from helicopters. They haven’t yet done this.

So it’s not really a good thing for the economy as a whole. It is a compelling argument for mobile banking though. Just saying.

Unreal desires for deflation

It’s clear some people just don’t get that deflation is catastrophic from an economic perspective. You would have though that Japan’s lost decade (is it still only a decade?) would be sufficient warning.

Michael Pento from Euro Pacific capital writes about the options open Bernanke to stimulate the US economy through open market purchases given that interest rates are up against the zero bound.

He’s right about the options, but horribly misguided when it comes to wishing for deflation:

By keeping prices from falling more that they would have naturally, Fed intervention has created a burden.

The US public (and private) debt is such a significant portion of GDP, the correct answer cannot be to increase it as a percentage of GDP by deflating prices and keeping the nominal value of outstanding debt the same. Moreover, what the US needs is economic activity; encouraging everyone to leave their money in the bank because it increase in value every day and “nobody else is spending so deflation will continue” doesn’t sound like a success story to me. Downward price stickiness, particularly with wages (yes, even in the US) would add to the catastrophe.

Pent also raises the risk of hyperinflation:

…investors would be forced to once again abandon savings and chase runaway prices.

I don’t know how we went from fears of deflation to “runaway prices”. The challenge with this policy is to credibly promise moderate inflation for several years (depending on how strong your Ricardian views are).

Runaway prices are much easier to control than deflation. With inflation, we actually have a range of tools to use.

It’s unreal how many people have views on the economy that aren’t rooted in any economic theory at all.

Too Small To Succeed

According to a Fin24 story this morning, the FSB is probing smaller unit trusts.

The economics of a fund manager depends entirely on growing funds under management so that revenues (based on assets under management) grow to be larger than costs (significantly fixed and at most semi-variable). Details of performance fees and the second order impact of investment performance aside, a successful fund manager must attract positive net client cashflow, and lots of it.

Half the 960 available unit trusts have less than R100m in AUM. Some of these may be rapidly growing new funds, but many have been stagnant with slow growth for several years.

The FSB’s attention presents opportunities for consolidation between funds and should place larger funds in a stronger position competitively. Total Expense Ratios (TER) for these funds with significant scale should already be lower than smaller funds. Maybe it’s time the larger funds made more if their size and cost efficiencies. If they are going to take the heat for being too large to be nimble, they might as well reap the benefits too.

It will be interesting to see what this means for white labelled funds and whether the economics of these convince the regulator that they should survive.

Posted with WordPress for BlackBerry.

Risk, liquidity and the triumph of economics over alchemy

Sharemax appears to be spiralling to its doom. Multiple stories today report that they are late on dividend payments to investors and may not be able to pay dividends in the forseeable future.

Cash has run out. The overvalued, over-geared properties cannot support the income stream that was demanded from them.

No surprises here then.

Posted with WordPress for BlackBerry.